image by freepik
Android is a popular open-source mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel. This OS, primarily designed for touchscreen mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, is developed by the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) and commercially sponsored by Google. Android has been the most widely used mobile OS globally since 2010 and continues to dominate the smartphone market.
Android OS: A Brief History
The origins of Android can be traced back to 2003 when Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White founded Android Inc. in Palo Alto, California. Initially, their intention was to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras. However, they soon realized the massive potential of smartphones and shifted their focus to creating a mobile operating system.
In 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., recognizing the potential of the project. This acquisition marked Google’s entry into the rapidly growing smartphone market and set the stage for the development of a new mobile operating system.
The first commercial version of Android, Android 1.0, was launched in September 2008 with the release of the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1. Since its initial release, Android has undergone significant evolution, with regular updates and new versions being introduced. The latest stable version of the system is Android 12, with Android 13 currently in development.
Unique Features of Android OS
Android OS offers a wide array of features, making it a versatile and user-friendly platform
Near Field Communication (NFC)
Most Android devices come with Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, which allows electronic devices to interact across short distances. This technology aims to create a payment option that is simpler than carrying physical cash or credit cards.
Infrared Transmission
Android OS supports a built-in infrared transmitter, enabling users to use their phones or tablets as remote controls for various devices.
Automation
Apps like Tasker allow for control of app permissions and automation of various functionalities, offering users a personalized and efficient user experience.
Wireless App Downloads
Android users can download apps on their PC via the Google Play Store or third-party platforms like AppBrain. These apps are then automatically synced to the user’s device, eliminating the need for physical connections.
Custom Home Screens
Android allows users to customize their home screens, offering a personalized user experience. Users can add widgets, change themes, and rearrange icons to suit their preferences.
Widgets
Android widgets provide users with real-time updates and quick access to app functions right from the home screen. These widgets can display a variety of information, including weather updates, calendar events, and music controls.
Android Architecture
The Android architecture consists of several layers, each serving a specific function. These layers include the Linux kernel layer, the hardware abstraction layer (HAL), the native libraries layer, the Android runtime layer, and the Java API framework layer.
Linux Kernel Layer
The Linux kernel layer forms the foundation of the Android OS. It provides essential hardware abstraction, memory management, process management, security, and device drivers.
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
The HAL abstracts hardware-specific functionalities and provides standardized interfaces for device drivers and hardware components.
Native Libraries Layer
The native libraries layer contains libraries written in C and C++ that provide core system functionalities and support for native code execution within Android applications.
Android Runtime Layer
The Android runtime layer is responsible for executing and managing Android applications’ bytecode compiled from Java or Kotlin source code.
Java API Framework Layer
The Java API framework layer comprises a comprehensive set of libraries, APIs, and runtime environments that facilitate the development of Android applications using Java or Kotlin programming languages.
Android Versions
Android has seen a multitude of version releases since its inception, each bringing new features and improvements. Android versions are named after “sweet treats,” each treat name happening in alphabetical order, starting with the letter “C” in 2009, with the most recent being Android 12 or “Snow Cone.”
Pros and Cons of Android
Like any other operating system, Android has its strengths and weaknesses.
Pros
- Open-Source Platform: Being open-source, Android allows developers, manufacturers, and users to modify and customize the system according to their needs.
- Wide Selection of Apps: Android’s Google Play Store hosts a massive selection of apps, both free and paid, catering to various user needs.
- Customizability: Android offers extensive customization options, allowing users to personalize their device’s look and feel.
- Hardware Choices: Android runs on a variety of devices from different manufacturers, offering users a wide range of choices in terms of hardware specifications and price points.
Cons
- Fragmentation: Due to the open-source nature of Android, different manufacturers may use different versions of the OS, leading to fragmentation and inconsistency in user experience.
- Security Issues: Android is more susceptible to malware and viruses due to its open nature and the availability of apps from third-party sources.
- Slower Updates: Android updates are dependent on device manufacturers and carriers, which can lead to slower rollout of new features and security patches.